EURO-ECO 2010 Hanover 2 - 3 Dezember 2010	Environmental, Engineering - Economic and Legal Aspects for Sustainable Living
	European Academy of Natural Sciences, Hanover European Scientific Society, Hanover University of Bremen, Bremen

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The energy supply complex of St.-Petersburg has no analogs not only in cities of Russia, but also in world town-planning practice. Building of the historical center of St.-Petersburg formed by centuries has defined many features of a heat supply of the city representing now all spectrum of ways and schemes of maintenance by heat of consumers, based on burning of organic fuel and transfer of heat in the form of hot water and steam.

Functioning of system of a heat supply of St.-Petersburg is based now on the General scheme of a heat supply. Proceeding from historically developed features of a heat supply of various districts of the city, in Petersburg it is possible to allocate 15 heat supply areas, 7 of which are suburban.

The basic lines of existing system of a heat supply of St.-Petersburg concern:

• High level of centralization of a heat supply with a considerable share in structure of heat generation of such sources of a heat supply. The given circumstance possesses a number of advantages, among which decrease in the working costs connected with thermal energy generation, possibility of use of various reserve kinds of fuel and the combined generation of thermal and electric energy. However thus more considerable losses of heat at its transportation (in comparison with the decentralized heat supply) also take place.
• Considerable degree of central heating, i.e. joint development electric and thermal energy – over 45%. Such way of co-production electric and thermal energy is more favorable in comparison with separate development, both on fuel consumption, and on other operational indicators. It is necessary to notice that central heating brings the greatest effect basically on large sources of the centralized heat supply (thermal power station) that also speaks well for the last.
• Primary use of natural gas as a principal view of fuel for thermal power station and city boiler-houses up to 95%. The given circumstance in a combination to high level of centralization of sources of a heat supply favors concerning good ecological conditions in a city. Thus as reserve fuel for thermal power station and the majority of boiler-houses top internal black oil serves
• Mainly (an order of 80%) the open two-trumpet scheme of a heat supply allowing simultaneously supplying consumers by heat and hot water. Simplicity of the given scheme and rather small specific capital expenses for a construction of thermal networks have allowed the given scheme to be widely adopted in a city. However use of the open scheme has as a number of lacks among which it is possible to allocate considerable oxygen corrosion of thermal networks, the high expenses connected with preparation and storage of water on sources of a heat supply, and as the restrictions imposed on regulation of thermal loading.
• Presence of a considerable quantity of local sources of a heat supply of rather small productivity, the out-of-date types equipped with coppers and possessing low technical and economic indicators.

These are common features of system of a heat supply of St.-Petersburg, however, it is necessary to notice that systems of a heat supply of various districts of the city possess the specific features and scenarios of their development as can be various.

Now the general established capacity of sources of heat of St.-Petersburg makes an order of 27100 GKal/h, of them thermal power station about 11800 GKal/h, industrial thermal power stations - 2000 GKal/h, boiler in the property of St.-Petersburg - 9300 GKal/h, departmental boiler - 4000 GKal/h. The total connected thermal loading makes 19840 GKal/h.

The basic suppliers of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply of objects of available housing, socially-business objects and industrial zones are: Open Society «ÒGÊ-1» thermal power station (47% of total warm generation), boiler-houses of the state enterprise «Fuel and energy complex of St.-Petersburg» and Joint-Stock Company «Petersburg thermal energy» (43%), thermal power station of the industrial enterprises, Joint-Stock Company «Lenteplosnab» boiler-houses (5%) and departmental boiler-houses (4%).

The basic consumers of thermal energy of St.-Petersburg are the housing organizations (heating and hot water supply of municipal available housing) and the population of not municipal available housing.

Now in St.-Petersburg stable growth of available housing, both in absolute calculation, and counting on one person is observed. Rate of industrial growth of St.-Petersburg as a whole above the all-Russian. These factors provide constant growth of loading on system of a heat supply of a city. The next years preservation of the given tendency is predicted both official services, and the majority of independent analysts.

Besides shortage of the generating capacities necessary for maintenance by thermal energy of new consumers, in St.-Petersburg are available and other problem places in the field of the centralized heat supply on which it is necessary to pay attention. Among them, it is possible to allocate the following:

1. High deterioration of the capital equipment of the heat supply companies;
2. Insufficient investments into heat supply sphere;
3. High power consumption by manufacture and thermal energy consumption;
4. Low management efficiency in the given sphere.

All listed lacks conduct to degradation of sphere of power supply of a city and consequently there is an imperative need of working out of the basic directions of development of system of the centralized heat supply.

In modern Russian conditions it is necessary to create the uniform power company, it is easier to large company to operate and develop system of a heat supply of a big city. For the decision of problems of power of a city working out of the Target program of development of systems of a heat supply of St.-Petersburg is expedient.

Thus, main objectives of development of a heat supply of a city are an increase of efficiency at generation and transportation of thermal energy and improvement of management by system of the centralized heat supply. The given directions should be supported by following actions - decrease in the cost price of thermal energy, decrease in requirement for thermal energy consumption, perfection of organizational, standard and legal base, working out of new approaches to demand management and development of market relations in sphere of power of a big city.

 

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