EURO-ECO 2010 Hanover 2 - 3 Dezember 2010	Environmental, Engineering - Economic and Legal Aspects for Sustainable Living
	European Academy of Natural Sciences, Hanover European Scientific Society, Hanover University of Bremen, Bremen

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Cities create their own microclimates. As the vegetation is being forced out by pavements, roads and buildings, precipitation redistribution is changing. Under urban conditions most water streams down asphalt covering into rain sewers and the water reduces its evaporation. That is why the relative air humidity falls and the atmospheric temperature rises.

Currently there are 45 laboratories researching harmful atmospheric emissions in Lipetsk region (8 of them are in Lipetsk). The ways of struggle for clean air can be conventionally divided into active and passive. Passive ways secure relatively clean community air (for instant, in the places of public gathering), but they don’t prevent the cases of harmful atmospheric emissions. This is, mainly, the consideration of terrain characteristics during the placement of pollution sources, arrangement of sanitary protection zones, of high stacks etc.

Main air pollution sources of the Lipetsk urban area (where the total fall of harmful substances is 3 76 million 960 thousand tons) are ferrous metal industry (88.29 per cent), construction material industry (4.41 per cent), and power industry (0.88 per cent). There are such enterprises as NLMK JSC (88.1 per cent), Lipetskcement JSC (4.1 per cent), LIW “Svobodny Sokol” JSC (1.1 per cent) among them.

Vehicle air pollution emissions in Lipetsk average 80,040 tons.

High and powerful stacks give farther gas and dust emission range (correspondingly, their greater dispersion in the atmosphere), they also give an opportunity to reduce lower stacks (number). Besides, it is economically profitable. According to some specialists’ assessments, the transition from the stack height of 25 meters to the height of 250 meters results 99 per cent of smoke cleaning. But the research shows that stack erection in populous areas requires careful approach, in some cases it is impossible, because the maximum emission concentration (often 5-10 times greater than the maximum permissible concentration of harmful emissions) is also observed at the distance of 6 – 8 kilometers from the emission source. Such stacks are constructed at large power plants with the daily emission of about 200 tons of dust, 600-700 tons of sulfur dioxide and 100-200 tons of nitric oxides. Lesion focuses of vegetation were found within a radius of 8 kilometers of such powerful emission sources.

Many meteorological factors influence on the community air of the city. Under normal conditions streams of warm air pick up particles of pollutants, when they rise from the ground. These particles get cold in high atmospheric layers and fall on the ground, but far from the emission source.

Air pollution intensifies during fogs; fog drops absorb harmful substances, and impurity concentration in the air increases, in addition oxides transit into acids. For instance, the result of emissions, produced by NLMK, is the dissolution of sulfur dioxide in fog drops and the formation of sulfuric acid drops. Similar reaction takes place during the rains. Winter fogs are most dangerous because they consist of frozen moisture with high sulfuric acid concentration near thermal power stations and boiler houses.

Urban area development in Lipetsk intensifies the processes that increase number of unusable lands. Negative processes of lithosphere become most evident during underground pipeline construction, under the impact of massive multi-storey buildings, heavyweight surface transport etc., it is most typical for sandy and clay loam of the city.

The specific problem of Lipetsk is so-called “psychological pollution” of the landscape. That is progressive aesthetic quality degradation of urban and suburban development, featureless structure and development, inadequate to the landscape, landscape obstruction because of reinforced concrete and other structures, expansion of waste lands etc.

Landscape protection against psychological pollution is possible only by means of painstaking work in the field, by the increasing of responsibility of the officials making decisions concerning the aesthetic look of the landscape, improving ecological culture of the population.

Measures taken to clean the community air enable to reduce the air pollution in the city of Lipetsk. However, the pollution will be significant for a long time as a result of industrial production growth and imperfection of atmospheric emissions purification technological processes. Besides, the prospective power consumption growth and existing tendency to multi-storey buildings construction will lead to the growth of “thermal islands” in the city.

That is why planning and architectural methods that can contribute community air protection will never go out of date.

 

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